The public Budget is an official manuscript forecasting the economy for a short period (one year), and its proper execution can be viewed as an index of economic success for the Government. The Governments are generally unable to execute the balanced Budget and in order to finance current and infrastructure expenditure, they will face Budget Deficit. The purpose of this research is to explore the determinants of Budget Deficit during the five economic plans (1989-2015). Accordingly, using JohansenJuselius Co-integration and ARDL approach, the effects of tax incomes, oil incomes, Government expenditure, the rate of economic growth and the rate of inflation on the Budget Deficit are estimated. The results show that the Budget Deficit has a significant and negative relationship with tax incomes, oil incomes and economic growth rate; whereas it has a significant and positive relationship with Government expenditures and the inflation rate. Moreover, oil revenues have the largest impact on the public Budget Deficit, while the economic growth rate has the least impact.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the effect of changes in population age structure on the Budget Deficit and forecast its evolution using MIDAS method and time series data during the years 1367 until 1393. One of the criteria for assessing the economic strength of a country is to consider Government revenues and expenditure and hence the Budget balance. In this paper the effect of changing age structure on Government Budget Deficits will be examined. To this end a relationship for tax revenues and a relationship for Government consumption expenditure is stipulated. For this purpose, we have estimated the corresponding function using the relevant data in the period the first quarter of 1367 to the fourth quarter of 1392. The results show that age structure of population have positive and significant effects on Government consumption expenditure and tax revenues and thus Budget Deficit. Next, we forecasted the consumption expenditure and the Government tax revenues for 1393. The Budget Deficit forecasted by the model is 130063. 3 b. Rials for 1393 and compared to its real data which is 131016. 1 b. Rials, indicate that the model forecast is satisfactory.

In the process of globalization, various relations, such as the development of financial relations between countries can be considered as financial globalization. Financial globalization refers to the concept of increasing global communication through the expansion of international financial and capital flows. Therefore, it can be said that any financial relationship between countries, through different approaches, leading to the expansion of global communication develops financial globalization. This study focuses on how financial integration policies affect Government spending and revenues, and how the outcome of these effects will impact Government Deficit and public debt. To this end, this paper has compered the Budget Deficit of 165 countries from OECD and non-OECD members in 2015 through the matching approach using the kernel weights and propensity score. To purify the effects of financial globalization on public debt and to isolate the effects of other variables, influential factors such as per capita domestic production, Government spending, taxes, and trade liberalization are considered as a match. The results suggest that financial globalization has led to an increase in the Budget Deficit, which can be attributed to the reduction of taxes on capital to prevent capital outflow by the Governments and better access to the international financial markets to finance further expenditures.

The Government Budget Deficit in Iran has destructive effects on the economy due to the monetization of the Deficit and the resulting increase in the monetary base, leading to higher inflation. This inflation reduces purchasing power and has other negative impacts on the economy. Controlling the Government Budget Deficit has been a focus for experts and appears to be a priority for Governments. Identifying ways to reduce and control the Budget Deficit can significantly enhance economic stability. This study examines the effect of central bank independence on the Government Budget Deficit from 1991 to 2022, using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. The findings show that central bank independence has an inverse and significant effect on the Government's Budget Deficit. The policy recommendation from this research is to recognize the independence of the Central Bank of Iran and implement measures to increase its political and legal independence, governance, and transparency in monetary policy and accountability.

This paper aims to investigate the effect of Budget Deficit shock on Government spending in Indonesia. For this propose, this reasearch uses an alternative error correction model based on loss function of Government spending. The model assumes the short run disequilibrium, in which shock variables may play an important role. A spesific loss function model is applied to develop the long run Government hypothetical model. Using data of the period 1970-2010, the empirical model shows that real GDP, tax revenue and multi period shock of Budget Deficit are statistically significant in determining the Government spending, both for operating and development spending. In other words, this finding also shows the significant impact of unanticipated of Budget Deficit on the Government spending. It implies a weaknes of Government finance management, in which Government spending has not created new tax sources.

Budget Deficit is the difference between the executive Budget Deficit and the extra balance capital. In most part of the years from 1980 to 2021, Iran was facing Budget Deficit. The aim of this research was to find out the effective factors of reducing Budget Deficit considering the conditions and problems of the country in the post 2011 era. In this decade, due to the complexity of the domestic and international issues, Budget Deficit increased more than expected, so far as generating money resulted in a heavy inflation. This study employed a survey method, bearing a practical aim, and using quantitative data. To analyze data, SPSS was used as the main software, and Lizrel was employed as a side software to the exploratory factor analysis. The population was 240 staff members of the management and planning organizations of different provinces, professors and teachers from different disciplines such as economics, financial management, and accounting from Payam Nour university. Also, executive managers from the related organizations were selected through Cokrain formula, which resulted in 148 participants. In this research, 30 effective factors of reducing Budget Deficit were identified, which were considered by Caser index. Accordingly, four elements (political and international relations, macro-economic, Budget structure, and security) valued significantly above 1. Considering the statistical indexes and factor analysis, these four elements showed 89. 927% of the whole variance. The findings indicated that the political and international relations element had 4. 765 value of impact, macro-economic element had 3. 205 value of impact, Budget structure 1. 942 value of impact, and security element had 1. 861 value of impact, which were respectively the most important aspects of reducing Budget Deficit.

Having looked at the economic history of Iran indicates that the Budget Deficit and it's financing has proved to be one of the important problems of Governments. Acknowledging the securities requirements with purpose of Effectiveness in financing Budget Deficit through the IS-LM model constitutes the first part of this research. Findings of the first part denote that stability of Budget Deficit has recorded a condition which output has been increased. "Can sukuk contribute to this stable condition?" is the second question of the paper. Financial deepening, diminishing of symmetric information and little capital aggregation are characteristics of sukuk which give positive answer to this question.This paper proposes applying sukuk for Budget Deficit financing in two models: Ijarah sukuk and Istisna sukuk. The results denote that these securities can decrease the Government's Budget Deficit.

In order to implement structural reform in the Government Budget of Iran, it is necessary to analyze the Budgetary characteristics. This paper attempts to identify the determinants of Budget Deficit by using ARDL modeling based on the Iranian Budget records for the period 1964-2020. Theoretical and empirical evidence both show that three main factors including Budgeting structure, macroeconomic situation, and political economic forces could play a definite role in the Budget Deficit. Long term estimated coefficients of the research models explain that Budget Deficit will be worsened with bigger size of Government, and with the increase in the Government expenditure dispersion in comparison with the Government revenues dispersion, also with a bigger share of public investment in total investment, and finally with wider GDP gap and inflation gap. Correspondingly, more inequality of income leads to a bigger Deficit. The results also indicate that in the economy of Iran expenditures are a driving force that brings about the Budget Deficit. It is evident that in a resource-based economy, an increase in revenues of resource exports would relocate the economy to the positive output gap and boom cycle that in turn will push Governments to a higher level of expenditures and a Budget Deficit. During the recession period in which Government revenues decline, the recurrent expenditures resist adjustment due to its sticky behavior, hence the Deficit gets worse. Meanwhile, political economic factors such as weakness of the Government power and pressure by interest groups, all together have magnifying effects on worsening the Budget Deficit. During the era that foreign reserves in Stabilization Account and National Development Fund were enough to compensate Deficits, the presence of the wealth effect on Government expenditures, and thus on the Budget Deficit, is confirmed.

The Budget Deficit refers to the situation where the Government’s expenditures exceeding its revenues According to many schools of economics, the existence of a persistent Budget Deficit in an economy is a sign of that country’s economic weakness, and the Government of that country must implement economic reforms to eliminate or reduce it in various ways. There are various ways to finance the Budget Deficit such as borrowing from the central bank, borrowing from foreigners and borrowing from the people and private sectors. The present study, considering the growing trend of using Islamic treasury bills in Iran to finance the Budget Deficit, has addressed the importance of the impact of issuing these bonds on economic variables compared to financing the Budget Deficit through borrowing from the Central Bank. For this purpose, a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model has been developed for the Iranian economy as an open economy Results claim in order to increase the investment, enhance the state consumptions and the deflation, while facing exchange rate momentum and monetary momentum, it would be a better choice to use the Islamic Treasury Bills. Whereas to increase the consumptions, receiving a loan from the Central Bank would be a better option in the case of momentum. Moreover, results indicate that in the case using Islamic T-Bills due to these two momenta, observing variables would be less off-balance and they would return to their early balance within a short span of time.